Objectives: Female circumcision is regarded as mutilation of the external genitalia of women and the girl child. It is entrenched in the cultures of many communities in developing countries particularly in Africa. It has long been recognized internationally as a violation of the right of the woman and the girl child.Materials and Methods: This study tried to determine the sociodemographic factors that predict circumcision of the girl child. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of girl child circumcision.Results: The overall prevalence of the girl child circumcision in Nigeria is 23.9%. When stratified by region, the prevalence was 36.8%, 15.6%, and 9.1% in the North-west, North-central and North-east region, respectively and 30.8%, 22.8%, and 8.0% in the South-west, South-east and South-south region, respectively. Within states, the prevalence of female circumcision ranged from 0% in Katsina to 57.9% in Jigawa state. Prevalence was almost twice among Muslim households than other religions. Majority (91.8%) of the girl child circumcision was done before the first birthday (0-11 months) and 84.6% was performed by a traditional circumciser. Type I (44.1%) and II (47.9%) were the commonest type of genital mutilation performed. In the final regression model, only mothers opinion about female circumcision, whether she was circumcised and region of residence significantly determined the likelihood of a girl child been circumcised.Conclusion: Appropriate and targeted education of mothers and circumcisers focusing on the undesirable effect of female circumcision will significantly reduce the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) across Nigeria.

We read with much interest, the recent article by Ketabchi et al., published online in your journal (1); however, at the same time we would like to make the following comments, clarification to which would benefit the general readers of the journal. . . .

Despite the millenniums-old tradition in Abrahamic circles of removing the foreskin of a penis at birth, the involuntary and aggressive practice of circumcision must not be made an exception to the natural, negative right to self-ownership-a birthright which should prevent a parent from physically harming a child from the moment of birth going forward. This paper will present a natural rights argument against the practice of male child circumcision, while also looking into some of the potential physical and psychological consequences of the practice. It will compare the practice with that of female circumcision, which is banned in developed nations but still practiced in the third world, as well as other forms of aggressive action, some once-prevalent, while disputing arguments made for parental ownership of the child, religious expression, cultural tradition, cleanliness, cosmetics, and conformity.

Background: Circumcision is one of the mostcommonsurgical procedures performed on males, in which the foreskin of the penis is removed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences and views of boys regarding circumcision, and to analyze the medical and cultural aspects of circumcision. Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 326 boys aged 7 to 14 years, whowere studying at three schools in the center of a city in the north of Turkey. The data were collected through a questionnaire and were analyzed using numbers, percentages and chi-square tests on SPSS16. 0. Results: The average age of the children, who participated in the study was 10. 41  1. 87. It was found that over one quarter of the children were not consulted before circumcision while 55. 8% received information from family members and 16. 9% were given information from their physician. As for the reasons that circumcision was performed, 69. 3% said it was due to religious beliefs and 55. 8% said it was because they wanted to be a man. Fifty-one point eight percent of the children stated that they thought the circumcision ceremony was necessary. Of the children, who participated in the study, 64. 7% stated that they experienced different levels of fear during circumcision, 54. 6% stated that they experienced different levels of pain and 48. 2% stated that they felt grief. A significant relationship was found between the person, who performed the circumcision, the place where it was performed, the type of anesthesia used and the child’ s levels of pain and grief; there was also a significant relationship between the person, who performed the circumcision, the place where it was performed, the type of anesthesia used, the age at which it was performed and the level of fear (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Boys were not adequately informed before circumcision, and this procedure was performed in almost half of the boys at an unsuitable age and outside the hospital environment, and the boys experienced too much pain and fear during the process. A significant relationship was found with the person, who performed the circumcision.

Purpose: This study investigates the frequency of isolated microorganisms and the antimicrobial resistant pattern of inner foreskin and smegma in prepubertal children. Materials and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between March and November 2019, where 132 prepubertal boys, who were scheduled to receive religious circumcisions at our outpatient clinic, were examined. The patients were divided into the following groups based on the presence of smegma in their subpreputial space: Group I (with smegma, n=58) and Group II (without smegma, n=74). Sterile stuart transport swabs (Advanced Diagnostic Research, Mediko Kimya, Turkey) were taken from the smegma or the subpreputial space (glans surface and inner foreskin) using aseptic techniques and then the swab samples were immediately transported by sterile stuart transportation for microscopy, culture identification, and antibiographic resistance testing by conventional test methods and automated systems (VITEK II, Biomerieux, France) to the Microbiological Laboratory of our hospital. Results: 48 bacteria isolated from 39 boys in Group I comprised 28 gram-positive species (58. 3%) and 20 gram-negative species (41. 7%). The most commonly isolated gram-negative bacterium was Proteus mirabilis (45%) while most positive was Staphylococcus hominis (42. 9%). In Group II, 68 boys had 103 bacterial isolates in the glans comprising 81 gram-positive species (78. 6%) and 22 gram-negative species (21. 4%). The most commonly isolated gram-negative bacterium was Proteus mirabilis (42. 9%) while the most positive were Enterococcus faecalis (40. 7%) and S. hominis (42. 9%) Conclusion: The subpreputial space of uncircumcised boys is colonized by various types of uropathogens resistant to multidrug drugs. Smegma does not pose additional risks to microbiological colonization in children.

The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children.

Purpose: To compare the clinical effects of three methods of circumcision: modified circumcision, traditional circumcision, and disposable suturing device circumcision. Materials and Methods: Male patients (n = 241) with redundant prepuce and/or phimosis were included in a clinical trial from January 2019 to March 2020. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the surgical method: group A, traditional circumcision (n = 79); group B, modified circumcision (n = 80); and group C, disposable suturing device circumcision (n = 82). Results: The operation times in groups A, B, and C were 25. 2 ± 3. 3 min, 10. 2 ± 2. 7 min, and 6. 7 ± 1. 4 min, respectively. The volumes of intraoperative blood loss in groups A, B, and C were 12. 7 ± 2. 3 mL, 8. 1 ± 3. 4 mL, and 2. 2 ± 0. 8 mL, respectively (P < 0. 05). Groups A and B were superior to group C in terms of the 6-h postoperative visual analog scale score and appearance satisfaction (P < 0. 05). There were no obvious differences in the 7-day postoperative pain score and total healing time (P > 0. 05). The operating expenses in groups A and B were lower than that in group C (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Modified circumcision, with its advantages of shorter operation time, less blood loss and pain, lower cost, and better postoperative penile appearance, is easily accepted by patients and deserves wide clinical application.